Behmor 1600 Plus Customizable Drum Coffee Roaster

First, a big thanks to Brian for his review. It was very informative and well written. It is one of the reasons I chose to buy this product after reading all the negative reviews. Some of my review will echo his. The roaster seems to be well made and sturdy. The two pins at the bottom of the door look like a bit of a weak point to me but seem to be working ok. The glass window in the door is a bit small but I can see well enough to monitor the roast. The light inside in conjunction with the light from the heating elements is quite bright. Overall construction seems good. Smoke suppression is good unless you open the door for cooling. If you need to do that I would suggest using it under a range hood with a good fan. I've had the roaster for almost a week now and have completed three roasts, one a 1/4 pound as suggested in the manual and the last two 1/2 pound roasts in the manual mode. I have only been roasting for a couple of years now using one of those SR-500 air roasters but that was a good start. The first roast was a bit darker than I prefer but that was my fault for not watching close enough. The second roast, manual mode, was better but still a bit too dark. Todays manual mode roast came out perfect. Now to address some of the complaints about this roaster. I read a lot of complaints about it not getting hot enough according to the temperature sensors. Simple physics on that one. If you look at the heating elements in the back you will notice a shiny metal reflector in the back. This provides radiant heat by reflecting the heat forward. Since the beans, and not the sensors, are in front the heat to the beans will be hotter than the sensor temperature. I have had no trouble heating the beans to a proper roasting temperature. There were also a lot of complaints about ruining a roast because of over or under cooking. My manual made perfectly clear that this was not a set and forget roaster. It tells you to set, monitor and adjust to get a proper roast. And you will have to pay attention throughout the roast cycle. You need to use sight, sound and smell if you want a great roast. Which is why I used the manual mode after the first roast. This is not the roaster for you if you aren't willing to monitor each and every roast. In todays roast I pressed 1/2 pound and start. Then I pressed P5 and waited until the first crack. I then pressed C and when it got to 30 seconds left and had not heard the second crack I added 30 seconds. As soon as it reached the second crack I pressed cool. Looking at the color of the roast I decided to open the door part way, a tip in the manual, so the roast would cool a little quicker. End result was just what I was looking for. To recap, this is not nor does it claim to be a set and forget roaster. This is not a roaster for someone who can't be bothered by watching the process from start to finish. What it is, is a very good roaster for anyone not willing to spend in the thousands of dollars, me for example, for a professional roaster. If you are searching for that nearly perfect cup of morning coffee it is a good start. If you are serious about home roasting and willing to spend the time learning about roasting I would highly recommend this roaster. If anything goes wrong over the next few months I will amend this review to keep you informed. Follow up to review with added info: Had occasion to contact Behmor support with an issue I had with the roasting drum. I emailed them on the 31st of January in the evening. To my surprise I had a response from them the next morning, January 1st, telling me they would send out a new drum on Tuesday. As promised the drum was shipped on Tuesday and arrived here today, the 6th. It would have been here on the 5th but there was some pretty bad weather along the route. Anyway, definitely 5 star support. Also, having used the roaster to roast my Christmas coffee for people on my list I am able to report that I am still very happy with this purchase. The only way I can see to ruin a roast is to walk away after pressing start and come back expecting a perfect batch. If you are looking for that you would probably be better served just buying the roasted beans from your local coffee roaster. Follow up after extended use. 07/22/2018 I've been using this for over 1 1/2 years now and it is still going strong. I established a monthly cleaning schedule early on and have stuck to it. It seems to be paying off with a long life. And I still recommend this unit to anyone willing to take the time to learn how to use it properly. This is my last update.

Ok, so I read all the reviews here before purchasing this roaster... literally... ALL of them. It seemed to me that a vast majority of the 1, 2, and 3 star reviews all stemmed from a misunderstanding of the product and perhaps a deeper misunderstanding of "home roasting" coffee. For the record, I've been home roasting for many years with a deep, stainless mixing bowl and a heat gun. I absolutely love home roasting, not only for the absolute freshest bean but for the incredible control you have over the profile. Call me a coffee snob; I am what I am and if you're reading this you're probably one as well... why else would you be researching a coffee roaster, right? That said, I'll try to keep this as short and sweet as possible but I want to be thorough as well. My very first out-of-the-box impressions were a little wanting. The product came marginally dirty: finger prints, dust, etc... it didn't appear "used" but it looked as if it had been sitting on a display shelf for quite some time. Then there was this big sticker right on the control panel and screen warning me about how to properly operate this roaster. Normally that wouldn't be a bad thing but this sticker was one of those really annoying and super sticky ones. It left a massive amount of sticky residue all over the panel. Whatever though, I care more about the performance than the looks so that won't play into my rating at all but for future reference (looking at you Behmor) please use a softer adhesive! There are plenty of statements in the documentation and in their advertising that say this is NOT for darker roasts so that's not even an argument here. It's not built for it, therefore don't do it, it's that simple. Too many people also think this is just like a high powered toaster oven... pop in your beans, start it, come back when they're done. Coffee absolutely requires constant attention, even at an industrial level. There is no magical set it and forget it device for roasting and honestly, why would you want that? Home roasting is an experience from start to finish. There are plenty of great sources of pre-roasted beans if you don't want to get your hands dirty, there's nothing wrong with that. But if you want the best of the best at better than convenience prices then you're going to have to put in some effort of your own. Presets are nice and convenient but in the end you're still going to have to rely on your senses... sight and sound. There's also another very important aspect to remember when roasting... heat doesn't instantly go away when you want it to. Roasting continues well into the cooling cycle! The times given for the different presets are taking this into account. If the beans don't look finished right as the roasting cycle ends, don't start adding more time! Let the cool down cycle complete before you determine if your batch has been under or over roasted... and on that note, practice with very small 1/4lb batches but keep a log of the times needed for the different beans you order. Every region is different: moisture content, density, physical size, even from the same region you might get different physical characteristics. It may sound cliche but it's a lot like cooking a steak: medium rare is going to require different times for different cuts, thicknesses, temps, distance from the coals, etc. As for the hardware, it all seems to function exactly as promised. Granted I've only had this roaster for a day, a long term review will just have to wait. The chaff tray feels a little flimsy but it works and if I had to pick a part that will fail first it would be the rubber seal on the door. The drum feels solid and it rotates smoothly. My first roast turned out very even and right at the roast type I like the most for a Central American bean. Smoke suppression was excellent and well beyond my expectations. I feel confident my next roast can be done indoors without issue (I roasted in the garage out of habit and a little uncertainty with a brand new product's first roast.) The cool down cycle also performed very well: everything was cool to the touch in a sufficient amount of time. So to sum it up, I'm very pleased. A great price for a great product. If that happens to change in a less than ideal time I'll definitely update my review but for now, I'm going to go roast another batch. UPDATE: So an update... after 25 months of use....... still works as good as on day one! I wouldn't consider myself a heavy user roasting maybe every few weeks (sometimes more, sometimes less) but I guess it would average out to slightly under 40 roasts total? I've been using P2 and just adding on some extra time to get a city to city+ roasts of Central American sourced beans. I've had a few batches of full city but don't normally go that high. All the mechanical parts and seals (especially the areas where I thought would fail first) are all still functioning flawlessly. The light bulb burnt out relatively quick but I was using it constantly in the beginning and incandescents are notoriously inconsistent. It was very easy to replace though; I don't even use it anymore until I hear the first crack. I brush it out after every use as well. Feels like I could easily get a few more years out of this, or more. So it's still worth every penny and the best affordable roaster I've had!

This device is a vivid example of incompetent, thoughtless design. 1. The cage that holds the beans is terribly designed. Beans get trapped under the fins in every batch, causing burnt beans that infuse the rest of the roast with an acrid smoke. I had to wedge aluminum foil under all of the outer fins to mitigate this, but beans still get wedged around the back sides of the fins. A third grader could design a cage (drum) that doesn't trap beans, but Behmor doesn't seem to care. 2. The device is extremely unreliable and has caused me to waste over a pound of beans in the first month. It frequently shuts off due to false temperature readings. The temperature sensors (thermocouples) are placed in the roasting chamber where they get fouled by even the slightest, invisible wisp of oil vapor. The manual even admits they are placed in the wrong location and says that you have to clean them off after every four roasts. Not only is this unnecessarily tedious and time consuming, but it's wrong. The sensors can fail after two or three roasts, and they can work ok 30 minutes after they fail even if you don't clean them. Even following every detail in the manual about time-wasting burn-off cycles and sensor cleaning, there is no way to prevent the random shutdowns. I roast small batches (1/4 pound) to City/City+ so there is very little getting deposited in the roasting chamber. You would have an even worse experience if you roast even moderately dark. 3. The machine is actually designed to stop in the middle of your roast and ruin the beans if you don't press the start button at the right moment. There is no audible alert about this. I've been sitting and watching my beans when the whole machine shuts off suddenly. You can't watch your beans: you have to watch the timer and catch when it gets to the point where you have to press start to continue your roast. Of course this behavior has no benefit to the user: Behmor thinks they are protecting themselves from being sued if the beans catch fire. This is nonsense of course. Every toaster oven ever made can catch on fire at lest as easily if you set it on high and walk away. No toaster oven requires that you sit and press a button in the middle of cooking. 4. The button panel is completely impossible to use. Nothing is labeled. The button for checking temperature has no label. There is no button labeled "manual" for switching to manual mode, and there is no label in the display panel that you are in manual mode. There is no button labeled "drum speed," no button labeled "cleaning cycle," no button labeled "pre-heat" and no button labeled "first crack" to start the first crack timer. None of the regular operating steps of the machine have a corresponding button. If you press "start" nothing happens!! You have to refer to the manual for cryptic sequences, and the differences between these sequences are barely explained. 5. Which leads to the final insult: the manual is complete junk. It's incomplete, badly written, confusing, and flat out wrong in places. The only way to learn to get usable results from this device is to watch videos by other users online. This thing is overpriced by 300% Even the fanciest toaster oven is in the $90 range, and it's essentially the same device: a timer, a temperature sensor, and usually a much better control panel than this thing has. A tiny catalytic converter add almost nothing to the cost: you can get a much beefier catalytic converter for a motorcycle for $60 retail.

After nine years on my original Behmor 1600, I figured it wasn't worth fixing anymore (first fix was a replacement for a failed motor mount, second fix was a replacement of the crudded-up circuit board, and the third fix would have been replacement of one or more fans). It was limping through 14 ounce roasts with a cutting board under the front feet and throwing up roast-killing error messages again. I would have given the original Behmor 1600 five stars. So I bought a new one, with some trepidation because of a number of negative reviews. One safety feature that Behmor was required (by UL?) to put in causes a lot of problems for people. It is true that it is entirely possible to ruin a whole batch of coffee if you look away for the wrong 31 seconds. It's unfortunate that we have to deal with this, but it is possible to get around. I've roasted three batches now, and haven't missed the countdown yet. Just don't look away for 31 seconds! There is a second safety feature that doesn't get as much attention: if the heat in the box ever reaches 331 degrees F, the machine will shut down with an ERR2. It will not go into a cool cycle, just shut down blinking. I had that happen and waste 14 ounces of Pulcal Inteligente and I was not happy about it. So if you are using the manual settings, keep hitting the B button and make sure that temp doesn't go above 330. I see allegations that there are reductions in build quality, and denials from Behmor. I'll say that I don't see large reductions in quality. It is clear that the basket sent with the new model is inferior to the old basket. It is made from cheap, bendy mesh that would never last through nine years of roasting, and they've removed the locking latch for a friction latch. I still had an extra basket from the old machine, so I just threw the new basket out, didn't even bother with it. They should stop making that lame new basket. As far as I can tell, however, the smoke reduction system is actually improved. I see less smoke in my kitchen from this new machine. If this is your first Behmor, no, it's not smokeless, but it's less smoke than it used to be. I don't like the chaff tray with the little flippy things. It's hard to insert, and hard to remove without pulling on the basket, which will inevitably damage the mounts for the basket. I think they could do a little more work on that. It's bad design. Again, if you have the old model keep it. But, finally, the manual settings are a great upgrade. Using the manual settings can actually permit the user to roast a full pound at a time (which, let's be honest, was previously impossible unless you were going for a very light roast). Sure, you could kludge along with tricks like preheating the roaster, preheating the beans, putting a cutting board under the front feet, etc. But there was no way an automatic setting would reliably get a pound to second crack. You can now, at least with manual - but be very attentive because of the nanny controls! I recommend watching the video posted at sweet maria's about manual roasting. Here are a few additional tips: If you set it at 1 pound, P1, full additional time, the nanny warning will come up at exactly 7 minutes left on the clock. That is also about the time that the machine will approach 331 on B temp setting, so with 8 minutes on the clock it's time to observe closely. It is also about when you will hit first crack. So there's some good with the bad. The good is that you can finally roast a full pound legit in the Behmor. The bad is that if you aren't careful about the two nanny features, your coffee will be ruined. You have to pay attention to the beans, plus you have to pay attention to the machine. Caution! The machine is not perfect. I don't like the nanny features, and the new basket was lousy. But the old machine lasted me nine years of heavy use (with some repairs), and I don't think there is a better home roaster on the market.

I live in Portland, Oregon and am a big fan of the so called "3rd wave" roasters: Stumptown, Blue Bottle, etc. I have been incredibly pleased with the quality of coffee that I've been able to produce with this machine. It took me several months to really dial in my method, but at this point I would say the quality of the coffee I'm getting rivals that of my favorite Stumptown roasts, and that's saying quite a lot. Moreover, I get to tailor the roast to my personal preferences and I'm now paying about $7 lb for my coffee instead of $20 lb which, given the amount of coffee we drink in my house, saves us about $60 a month. At that rate, the machine will pay for itself in 6 months time. I had a couple of minor issues with the roaster: the screw on the fan had wiggled loose during shipping. I contacted support and they went above and beyond to help. Despite the fact that I was eventually able to diagnose the issue and tighten the screw myself, they went ahead and sent me a replacement fan anyway along with 3lbs of quality green coffee beans for my trouble. As others have mentioned, this roaster (and coffee roasting in general) is not something that can be fully automated. For me, the following process produces an absolutely perfect medium roast coffee, which is as dark as any coffee should be roasted if you want to experience a full-bodied, complex cup of coffee: - Remove drum (leave the chaff tray), close door - Preheat to 200º by clicking '1/4' and then 'start' (takes about 5 min.) - Tip: Press 'B' periodically to get a temp reading. Do not attempt to go above ~210º or the roaster will make you run through a cool cycle. - Measure 310g of green coffee into the drum - When roaster reaches 200º, click 'off' and use a kitchen towel to remove the chaff tray and insert the drum - Tip: Wiggle the drum and make sure that it is locked into place - Replace the chaff tray (press the bar down on the tray so that it clears the drum) and close the door - Press '1' (for 1 lb weight), then 'start' - Immediately put into manual mode, high-heat, by pressing 'P5', and press 'D' to put the drum speed at max - Listen for 1st crack (occurs after about 10min of roasting) - At first crack (or a minute or two before), press 'P4' to lower the heat and 'D' to put the drum back in slow spin mode - Sometime during this period, the roaster display will flash to make sure you're monitoring (for safety). Just press 'start' to continue the roast. - When first crack finishes (around 12-14 min total roasting time), start the cooling cycle One additional "advanced" tip is that you can cool the beans very quickly by running the cooling cycle with the door completely open. However, if you don't clean the chaff out of the tray first, the fan will blow it out of the roaster and all over your floor. What I do is hit 'off' when I'm ready to cool, pull the tray out and vacuum it out with a hand held vacuum. Then, I put it back in and hit 'cool'. My favorite bean so far is the Single Origin Nicaraguan from Primos (via Amazon): https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B014THN4OI/

Well, to put it simply, I'm disappointed in this roaster. After reading a bunch of the reviews before buying, I have to admit that the less than 5 star reviews are more accurate than all of the 5 star ones. I just bought it, so it's not a 1 start (yet) but it's definitely not a 4 or 5 either. What I have found so far is some of the same things that others have complained about... the safety features are poorly thought out. I got hit with the first one where it shuts down if you don't stare at the time until it hits 70% so you can press the start button to prove you are still there. Luckily it was during the burn in and not when roasting beans. I did have to look on their web page to find out what Err7 meant though. It wasn't in their manual that it was caused by missing the warning countdown. Why they didn't spend another 50 cents and put in a buzzer is anyone's guess, but it was a poor way to cut corners. I followed the recommendation to pre-heat for 1:45 minutes but found it is very difficult to get the drum in without burning myself but there isn't enough room to wear oven mitts to prevent this. Another poor design. If you are going to require a pre-heat make it easier to put the drum in or leave another inch so oven mitts can be worn. By the time I got the drum in place, I'd pretty much lost the advantage of pre-heating in the first place. While it's true that some house current may differ this shouldn't be that much of a factor in a properly wired house on a good power grid. That said, this unit is under powered. Not a lot maybe, but it still needs more heat...either that or don't call it a 1 pound roaster. I also feel that parts of it are just to flimsy for the amount of man handling it takes getting the drum and chaff catcher in and out. You have to be careful around some of the metal to so as not to cut yourself. I've already figured that the only way to get the roast I like (full roast) I have to select 1 pound setting and only put in a half pound of beans. I've already had it go to cool when the first crack just started and I'd added all of the + increases I could during the cycle. Very poor design to not let you increase manually as much as you want during the cycle. I can understand during a automatic cycle limiting it, but if I'm there pushing buttons, I should be able to do so as much as I feel I need to. I'm going to try a few more roasts in it, but I'm already feeling that I'm going to be boxing it back up and returning it to Amazon. It may be great for some but for me, the cons far outweigh the pros for what it cost. I'd rather buy roasted beans from the bulk bin at my local WinCo than make due with something I'm not happy with. This is an OK product and I'm sure it will be more than satisfactory for some people. 7-13-16 - Update and a Health Warning. I'm still disappointed in this roaster, although I've put enough beans through it to come to terms (mostly) with it's limitations and weaknesses. Even with the different types of beans I have tried, I just select the max setting and go by sound and color to get to the roast I like. Unfortunately, once I have roasted the rest of the beans I currently have I won't be using this roaster anymore due to a serious health risk that I've read about concerning roasting coffee. It has been reported that when roasting coffee the beans give off a chemical compound called diacetyl, which affects the lungs. This chemical was highlighted as a health issue in the companies that produced the artificial butter used in microwave popcorn a number of years ago. Studies are just starting in the coffee roasting business and more information can be found on Google by googling "coffee roasting and diacetyl". A lot of reports are from 2015 and 2016 and are just starting to be publicized. I had been using my roaster in my garage and because of the nature of this roaster have had to hover right over it during the roasting process. According to the reports, this is the worst thing you can do as you are breathing in high concentrations of diacetyl, way over the recommended amount. in the last few months I had been roasting in my garage about 4 pounds about every other week and I had a persistent dry cough. The last 4 pounds I roasted I roasted it out on my patio where I had lots of ventilation and I didn't hover near the roaster. I also didn't do a lot of sniffing of the roasted beans during the couple of days they were resting or when I ground them (another area they report is bad). I've not roasted since and my cough has cleared up. Because of the possible health issues more than the issues I've been having with the roaster (although the disappointment was making me lean this way anyway) have made me decide to just buy roasted beans and grind them without hovering over the grinder I have (a commercial type found in stores). Cost wise, it will probably be about the same and I can get roasted beans within a day to 3 days after they are roasted, so quality will be just as good and they will probably be more consistent and less hassle. Even if others do not stop roasting, at least research the information on the health issues. And use plenty of ventilation with any roaster you have.

As a new home roaster, I have to say I am delighted with this relatively large-capacity roaster. There is certainly a learning curve to its successful operation, and to that end I highly recommend that before you get started roasting, you take the time not only to read the included manual, but also to research thoroughly all relevant aspects of coffee roasting, such as coffee origin, bean species and density, roast types, profiling, airflow, etc. etc. I have seen some negative comments where users express frustration at poor roasting results, but from what I can tell these people seem not to have done proper due diligence before undertaking what is by no means a self-explanatory hobby. Roasting requires the same virtues as any other craft endeavor: thorough research, patience, note-taking, trial and error, accepting defeat and getting up on the horse again, and so forth. Personally, I can say that my first three or four roasts did not come out as I had hoped, but they were all drinkable. And after what I consider a fairly short learning curve, I am producing excellent coffee, better than anything I can obtain in any store where I live. Apart from the delicious results (confirmed by my spouse every morning), the process itself is addictively delightful, at least to me. The smells and sounds of yellowing, the Maillard reaction, first crack, caramelization, and second crack are all quite enjoyable to learn how to respond to. To quote one roaster I saw in a YouTube video, a roaster is like an orchestral conductor in that s/he always has to be several beats ahead of the score, or in the case of roasting, the profile you wish to create. I realize some may balk at the price tag of this roaster, but the truth is that it is entirely worth it in terms of roast capacity and functionality. There is a full manual mode where you can determine the amount of temperature to apply via the thermal elements (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%),toggle the speed of the roast drum (8 RPMs or 16 RPMs) to simulate airflow change, as well as two thermocouples (one in the roast chamber and another that measures the exhaust temperature) so you can gauge the temperature curve of your roast and respond accordingly. I have truly been enjoying my roaster and have no complaints whatsoever. And to top it off, by purchasing a Behmor you are also supporting Behmor Inspired, a great charitable effort by the company's founder and owner, Joe Behm, to help out impoverished coffee growing communities throughout the world by donating roasters to them so they can actually roast the coffee they grow. This helps them to taste the end result of what they are growing and thereby adjust their growing and harvesting to offer a better product to the market. It may be shocking to discover, but, as someone who lives in Mexico, I know that the vast majority of coffee farmers and harvesters have never even tasted a decent cup of coffee! So way to go there too, Behmor! To sum up, I give this product my absolute highest recommendation, with the caveat that you have to be the type of person who wishes to get involved in the roasting process. This is not at all a "set it and forget it" type of apparatus; indeed, it has an auto shutdown feature that kills your roast after 75% of the allotted time for your charge size has passed, to prevent you from burning your house down if you were to turn on the oven and walk away. Coffee beans are combustible, so you need to be observing them not only to produce a great roast but also for safety. So, if you love coffee, are hands on, have discipline and passion in more or less equal measures, and are willing to learn a bit to be able to drink the freshest coffee you'll ever taste, get this roaster today!

I've been an air popper coffee roaster for many years now. I stand outside and use my three popcorn poppers to make about 10 oz of coffee in about 25 minutes. But, really, it was time to come out of the cold (or heat) and use a device designed to roast coffee. Sweet Maria's has touted the Beymor unit as a decent machine to roast coffee and so I took the plunge. Here's the good things. If you can get it to roast coffee to the point you like your brew, the roasted coffee comes out nice and even. The air popper approach can't do this. Despite all the automatic settings, thankfully you can still make some tweaks to get your roast the way you want. The "C" button is very useful. When the first crack starts, pressing the "C" button changes the time to reach the second crack. This is important if a Full City plus roast is desired. And, this can be all done in the comfort of inside your home! Okay, the not so good stuff starts with the babysitting necessary to operate the machine. Though it is a timed system, it still wants to make sure you're watching the process. This is done by requiring you to hit the Start button 75% of the way through or else it will go into cooling mode before the end of the cycle. This is a safety feature because a fire could start if used incorrectly. The reason you may use it incorrectly is because the given settings produce a weak roast. That first 1/4 pound roast at the highest setting won't get through the first crack. My first batch as instructed ended with partially roasted beans. After checking online for information on using this roaster, a coffee geeks site indicated to set it for 1/2 pound to get a 1/4 pound and set it for 1 lb to get a 1/2 pound roast. Another words, lie to the roaster in order to get the right roast. Then stand by and make sure you hit the cool button as soon as that second crack started in order for it not to roast too far. I know I had to open the door (which produces a stream of chaff to escape) in order to get the cooling rate needed to not over-roast. There is a lot of clean up after the roasting process. I had to vacuum out the unit, vacuum around the kitchen area near the roaster, use the included paint brush to get the chaff out of the roaster drum, and blow out the residual chaff in the roasted beans. Messy, messy, messy. For a half pound of roasted coffee, it takes about 40 minutes with cleanup. If you like a darker roasted coffee, this isn't the ideal unit anyway. There are other solutions for those wanting expresso roasted levels. I think there are a good number of people that would find this a great solution. The fresh roasted taste of coffee is so much better than store bought. Not everyone is willing to stand outside and use air poppers to do the same. So, the unit does work - with limitations - for most, it just isn't for me. Nope, I'm going back outside with my assortment of old air popcorn poppers.

Al principio tuve dificultades para obtener el grado de tostado que yo quería, pero luego de un tiempo de aprendizaje (y malograr algunos lotes de granos de café) todo es perfecto. Hay un tiempo de aprendizaje, hay que tomarse el tiempo de estudiar, ver videos, etc. para poder dominar las características del Behmor 1600 plus.