Seven Deadly Colours: The Genius of Nature's Palette

Charles Darwin, among the most candid of all scientists, did not pretend all was well when he came across counter-arguments to his ideas. In fact, he deliberately included possible objections to his own proposals; not only did this give him an opportunity to respond to them, he realized that it was fair and objective to attempt to give all sides of ideas he knew were controversial. The eye gave him restless nights. Indeed, he considered it one of the "organs of extreme perfection and complication" and wrote "To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree." Creationists are fond of citing this quote out of context, forgetting that the operative verb is "seems" and that Darwin immediately follows up to show why all is not what it seems. Such an organ could have evolved, especially if one considers the many degrees of complexity in different rudimentary or sophisticated animal eyes. More evidence has been the recent discoveries that rudimentary eyes as well as the sophisticated ones of us mammals or of octopuses have some identical genes, indicating a common foundation.Nonetheless, Darwin considered the eye an organ of perfection; he considered that nothing got past the eye. It is this burden of assumed perfection that Andrew Parker lifts in _Seven Deadly Colours: The Genius of Nature's Palette and How it Eluded Darwin_ (Free Press). Parker shows that eyes certainly lack the sort of perfection that Darwin imagined, that different animal eyes have very different capacities, that there is no perfect eye able to take all visual stimuli in, and that creatures have evolved to take advantage of the imperfections in the eyes of others. Among the surprising facts here is that color is not just pigment, like the paints an artist applies to a canvas. "Behind the scenes of a colour lies a microscopic factory, responsible for the light that leaves an animal's body or an artist's paint." But pigments are only one color factory; there are many others. In fact, in each of the seven chapters of Parker's book (laid out for the seven colors of the rainbow minus indigo but plus ultraviolet), there are other ways of manufacturing colors. In the chapter on violet, for instance, an examination of the iridescent violet colors of wings of the Malayan Eggfly butterfly shows no violet pigment - you could try to grind such wings to make a violet dye, but you would fail. The color from them is "structural" - it comes from astonishingly complicated microscopic structures on the surface of the scales of the butterfly, the layers of which are at a distance from each other which can reflect only the violet colors in phase.Each chapter ends with "A tonic for Darwin", an explanation of how all eyes have imperfections and that there can always be found some pigment, reflection, or blur which an eye cannot see. Darwin assumed simply that color was color and not subject to faulty eyes within an environment. He would have been fascinated by the visual arms races described here as one creature after another balances conspicuousness (for warning or attraction of mates) with camouflage, and predators change their own tactics to take advantage of any alterations. The perfection which Darwin saw in eyes, and which he thought a possible objection to his concept of descent with modification, is illusory; the imperfections, as revealed here in a stimulating and clear book, form more evidence to support his theories.

I did enjoy this book. A lot.I read a lot of science books, so I recognize that this book may not be for everybody, and that to work your way through it--and get out of it all the fun bits--you really can't (as the author suggests you might) skip the technical discussions. To do so would be to miss an awful lot of the fun stuff.It's not fluffy reading (you know, light on the science and heavy on the anecdote)but instead something you can sink your teeth into, that gives you the satisfaction of solid comprehension mixed in with the fun bits.I'd say this book belongs on the shelf of anybody who considers himself an amateur naturalist, or anybody with a passing interest in optics, light and vision, and how animals sense, produce or use color. If you've ever wondered about how a hummingbird's throat shimmers, or why a deep sea fish might produce light, or why you can't see into the ultraviolet, then this is the book for you.Happily, you don't need to have a strong background in chemistry or physics or even biology to read and comprehend the technical discussions.The author has invented an imaginary "NanoCamera" that, like the tiny submarine in the movie Fantastic Voyage, can explore the atomic-level structures that make up skin or feathers and such, and that produce what we think of as "colors."What a great idea! It allows Parker to painlessly teach the reader everything he needs to know to understand why and how we (or other animals) see and produce colors.Even better, his discussion segues off in wonderful directions, and coveres the wheres and whys of other color-related topics in biology, such as mimicry. He also tackles the subject of the evolution of the eye (eyes, actually--no 2 the same) and touches upon the psychology of sight. All in all, a very thorough job.

The book is a sequel of „In the Blink of an Eye" in which the author laid down the hypothesis that the emergence of many new species 540 million years ago (Cambrian explosion) was caused by appearance of visual faculties in animals. Seven Deadly Colours sets off with the troubles of Darwin how to explain the evolution of the eye which he considered to be a perfectly organ where intermittent steps of development would not produce any selevtive advantages.The book describes the different mechanisms of animals to trigger the sensation of colour in human or animals' mind such as reflection of light by pigments or diffraction gratings, biolumincescence, fluorescence etc.. and how the information incoming through our eyes is (mis)interpreted by the recipient. From the many facts presented in the book the author infers that contrary to Darwin's assumption the eye is far from perfectAdditionally many other things concerning vision are explaned. The ensemble is enriched with many examples and interspersed with personal anectodes. On the whole an informative, exciting book written with much expertise and humour.

Interesting take on nature's use of colour. Especially how we percieve it. And what we dont percieve, but others do because they see a wider spectrum.

これはアンドリュー・パーカーによる「眼の誕生」につづく「色と進化」3部作構想の第2弾．前作はカンブリア大爆発についての「光スイッチ説」の説明だったが，本書は動物の視覚と体色の進化について捕食・対捕食者戦略の観点から説明しているもの．（なお第3作は眼の進化についてのものらしい）「眼の誕生」がかなり面白かったので，本書の評判を聞いて翻訳を待ちきれずに購入したものだが，期待に違わずなかなか面白い本に仕上がっている．一般向けに書かれた進化生物学の本で，捕食・対捕食者戦略について面白く解説しているものは少ない．同種個体に対する社会行動の進化や，最適採餌戦略の進化と違って，捕食・対捕食者戦略の進化は，足の速さや聴覚の敏感さと，それを得るためのコストとのトレードオフという単純な話になりやすく，意外な展開を次々に見つけることが難しいというような事情があるように思われる．しかし本書は，そこを視覚と色という切り口で統一し，捕食・対捕食者戦略の進化を解説したきわめて斬新な本に仕上がっている，また章立ての工夫として，7色の色と，生物が進化で作り出した7種類の発色方法を組み合わせて，7つの物語を紡いでいるところがおしゃれである，生物発光のところで説明されたオーストラリアの洞窟に住むグローワームは早速BBCとNHKによる最新シリーズ「プラネットアース」において素晴らしいハイビジョン映像で紹介されていた．本書による影響もあったのではないかと思う．この本を読んだあとは，自然界の風景が変わり，生物の色についてもはやこれまでと同じ態度感心でいることはできない．それほど魅力的な本である．